12/27/2023 0 Comments Bacteria dividing blender tutorial![]() Entotheonella gemina’, while a further ‘Entotheonella’ phylotype is present in a T. factor’ is also accompanied by another closely related variant, ‘Ca. Poriflexus aureus’ (Chloroflexi) present in the Y chemotype. swinhoei Y and W, as members of microbiomes comprising numerous other bacteria, including the aurantoside producer ‘ Ca. These producers generate distinct sets of natural products and, in a mutually exclusive fashion, colonize two different host chemotypes, T. In the demosponge Theonella swinhoei (order Tetractinellida, suborder Astrophorina, family Theonellidae), containing a particularly rich chemistry, bioinformatic and biochemical data attributed most of the known substances to the symbiont phylotypes ‘ Ca. Marine sponges are prolific sources of bioactive natural products that may contribute to protecting the sessile animals against predators and epibionts. All sequenced ‘Entotheonella’ phylotypes with known morphology form multicellular filaments, have large genomes around 10 Mb, and colonize sponges with which they appear to form mutualistic associations involving chemical defense and arsenic and heavy metal detoxification. Genome data suggested ‘Entotheonella’ as members of a new candidate phylum, termed ‘Tectomicrobia’, which is corroborated by a more recent reanalysis of the bacterial tree of life based on standardized classification criteria. In collaborative studies, we previously reported members of the candidate genus ‘Entotheonella’, first described by researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, as an uncultivated taxon with a remarkably rich specialized metabolism. ‘Omics’ data suggest diverse and intriguing functions for such elusive taxa, but as experimental validation is usually challenging, verified functions remain limited. Among a large and growing list of examples are the Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR, previously known as ‘Patescibacteria’), the SAR324 group detected in hydrothermal plumes, or ‘Poribacteria’ present in sponge microbiomes. Data from 16S rRNA genes and whole environmental genomes, obtained by metagenomic binning or single-cell sequencing, support the existence of dozens of uncultivated phylum-like divisions that are distributed ubiquitously or in more specialized habitats. The bacterial tree of life contains numerous deep-branching lineages that lack cultivated representatives. This feature might serve as a discovery method to accelerate the identification of new chemically rich ‘Entotheonella’ variants, and led to the identification of the first ‘Entotheonella’ symbiont in a non-tetractinellid sponge, Psammocinia sp., indicating a wide host distribution of ‘Entotheonella’-based chemical symbiosis. ![]() In contrast, the analysis revealed a correlation between the revised ‘Entotheonella’ 16S rRNA gene phylogeny and a specific association with sponges and their natural products. Genomic characterization of ‘Thalassonella’ members from a range of sponge hosts did not suggest a role as providers of natural products, despite high genomic similarity to ‘Entotheonella’ regarding primary metabolism and implied lifestyle. Of these, the previously described ‘Entotheonella’ lineage can be more accurately divided into at least three different candidate genera with the terrestrial ‘Candidatus Prasianella’, the largely terrestrial ‘Candidatus Allonella’, the ‘ Candidatus Thalassonella’ comprising sponge-associated members, and the more widely distributed ‘Candidatus Entotheonella’. The inferred phylogenetic trees suggest several intra-phylum lineages with diverse lifestyles. The data show that ‘Entotheonella’ and other ‘Tectomicrobia’ are not restricted to marine habitats but widely distributed among terrestrial locations. Here we analyzed the phylogenetic structure and environmental distribution of this as-yet sparsely populated phylum-like lineage. These studies also suggested ‘Entotheonella’ as the first members of a new candidate phylum, ‘Tectomicrobia’. Genomic and functional analyses of bacterial sponge symbionts belonging to the uncultivated candidate genus ‘Entotheonella’ has revealed them as the prolific producers of bioactive compounds previously identified from their invertebrate hosts.
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